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(詳細はphilosophers in recorded history who were atheists. This is a list of atheist philosophers with articles in Wikipedia. Living persons in this list are people whose atheism is relevant to their notable activities or public life, and who have publicly identified themselves as atheists. * John Anderson (1893–1962): Scottish-born Australian philosopher, founder of the empirical philosophy known as 'Sydney realism'.〔"This degree of radicalism Sydney could endure. But what of a man who had signed up as a communist immediately on his arrival, who was unashamedly an atheist, a realist where philosophers were expected to be idealists, who freely mixed with students when he was expected to meet them only in classes or, very occasionally, in their studies? Trouble was bound to loom ahead." John Passmore: 'Anderson, John (1893–1962)', ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'', Oxford University Press, 2004 () (accessed April 29, 2008).〕 * Hector Avalos (1958–): Mexican-American professor of Religious Studies at Iowa State University and author of several books about religion.〔From a ''Freethought Radio'' podcast: Avalos: "I was a child evangelist and preacher, and I used to go around a lot of churches in Arizona specifically () it was coming along sort of in stages () slowly through high school, and so by the first year of college, I pretty much had realised that I am an atheist." () Annie Laurie Gaylor: "What made you an atheist?" Avalos: "Well I always say, reading the Bible did. The more I read the Bible and I tried to use the Bible to convert other people to Christianity, I realised, well I have to learn the arguments of the other religions I'm trying to convert. And the more I tried to learn the arguments and compare them to mine, the more I realised, I could make the arguments for their side just as well. Then it went into, you know, how do I know that ''anything'' I believe is true? And eventually I realised I have no evidence for ''any'' religion being true, and at that point, I was an atheist." FFRF podcast (Fighting Words: The Origins of Religious Violence ) (mp3), June 2, 2007 (accessed April 25, 2008).〕 * A. J. Ayer (1910–1989): British philosopher and an advocate of logical positivism. Though technically he viewed the concept of God existing as meaningless, he was happy to call himself an atheist.〔"Conversely, an absolute denial of God's existence is equally meaningless, since verification is impossible. However, despite this assertion, Ayer may be considered a practical atheist: one who sees no reason to worship an invisible deity." ''2000 Years of Disbelief: Famous People with the Courage to Doubt'', by James A. Haught, Prometheus Books, 1996, p. 276.〕〔"I was thoroughly irritated when Freddie Ayer, the philosopher who was at Christ Church with me, presented me with a book inscribed: 'To my fellow atheist'." Lord Dacre, 'I liked the elegant, frivolous life...', ''Daily Telegraph'', January 28, 2003, Pg. 17.〕 * Alain Badiou (1937–): French philosopher. * Julian Baggini (1968–): British writer specialising in philosophy, author of ''Atheism: A Very Short Introduction''.〔"The reverend Dr Tom Ambrose was sacked yesterday by his bishop for being "arrogant, aggressive, rude, bullying, high-handed, disorganised and at times petty", as a Church of England tribunal put it. Twice, he even spat at parishioners. You might expect that, as an atheist, I might rub my hands over this clerical outrage." Julian Baggini, (Thought for the day - BBC Radio Bristol ), blog entry, April 11, 2008 (accessed April 22, 2008).〕 * Mikhail Bakunin (1814–1876): Russian philosopher, writer and anarchist.〔Multiple quotes from Bakunin substantiating his atheist views ().〕 * Roland Barthes (1915–1980): French literary theorist, philosopher, linguist, critic and semiotician.〔"(...) the writings of such atheistic post-modernists as (...) Roland Barthes (...)" Michael D. Waggoner (2011). (Sacred and Secular Tensions in Higher Education: Connecting Parallel Universities ). Taylor & Francis, pg. 88〕〔"The basis of Barthes' thought, although not expressly stated, appears to be a thorough-going atheism". (New World Encyclopedia ). Accessed 28 August 2015.〕 * Bruno Bauer (1809–1882): German philosopher, theologian and historian, the first propounder of the Jesus myth hypothesis.〔"Feuerbach's book received criticism from two quarters: expectedly from Christian theologians but surprisingly, from the atheists Max Stirner and Bruno Bauer." Van A. Harvey, (Ludwig Andreas Feuerbach ), Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2007 (accessed May 22, 2008).〕 * Jean Baudrillard (1929–2007): French sociologist, philosopher, cultural theorist, political commentator and photographer.〔"(...) the writings of such atheistic post-modernists as Jean Baudrillard (...)" Michael D. Waggoner (2011). (Sacred and Secular Tensions in Higher Education: Connecting Parallel Universities ). Taylor & Francis, pg. 88〕〔"As an atheist, Baudrillard took no interest in Kierkegaard's theological work (...)" Jon Bartley Stewart (2011). (Kierkegaard's Influence on the Social Sciences ). Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., pg. 9〕 * Simone de Beauvoir (1908–1986): French author and existentialist philosopher. Beauvoir wrote novels and monographs on philosophy, politics, social issues and feminism.〔"() remained an atheist until her death." (Simone de Beauvoir (1908-1986) ), ''The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy'' (Accessed April 21, 2008)〕〔"I cannot be angry at God, in whom I do not believe." Haught (1996), p. 293〕 * Jeremy Bentham (1748–1832): English author, jurist, philosopher, and legal and social reformer. He is best known for his advocacy of utilitarianism. * Simon Blackburn (1944–): British academic atheist philosopher known for his efforts to popularise philosophy.〔"Some years ago, without realizing what it might mean, I accepted a dinner invitation from a Jewish colleague for dinner on Friday night. I should say that my colleague had never appeared particularly orthodox, and he would have known that I am an atheist." Simon Blackburn, (Religion and Respect ) (pdf) on his website, August 2004 (accessed April 23, 2008.)〕 * Célestin Bouglé (1870–1940): French philosopher known for his role as one of Émile Durkheim's collaborators and a member of the L'Année Sociologique. * Yaron Brook (1961–): Israeli-born president and executive director of the Ayn Rand Institute.〔" Asked if Rand was an atheist, () Brook said, "Yes, she was - and I have been since the age of 6, before I read Ayn Rand. But more than anti-religion, she was for reason. She spends time on the positive. She believed the way to evaluate things in life and reality is through reason, rational thought. That's what we try to emphasize." " George Hohmann, '(Ayn Rand relevant today, speaker says )', ''Charleston Daily Mail'' (West Virginia), June 1, 2009, Pg. P5A (accessed 5 June 2009).〕 * Ludwig Büchner (1824–1899): German philosopher, physiologist and physician who became one of the exponents of 19th century scientific materialism.〔"Büchner's materialistic interpretation of the universe in ''Kraft und Stoff'' created an uproar for its rejection of God, creation, religion, and free will and for its explanation of mind and consciousness as physical states of the brain produced by matter in motion. His continued defense of atheism and atomism and his denial of any distinction between mind and matter (''Natur und Geist'', 1857; "Nature and Spirit") appealed strongly to freethinkers, but dialectical materialists condemned his acceptance of competitive capitalism, which Büchner viewed as an example of Charles Darwin's "struggle for survival." " '(Büchner, Ludwig )', ''Encyclopædia Britannica Online'' (accessed August 1, 2008).〕 * Rudolf Carnap (1891–1970): German philosopher who was active in central Europe before 1935 and in the United States thereafter. He was a leading member of the Vienna Circle and a prominent advocate of logical positivism.〔R. Carnap: Intellectual Autobiography. in: P. A. Schilpp (editor): The Philosophy of Rudolf Carnap. Cambridge University Press, La Salle (Illinois) 1963.〕〔Martin Gardner said "Carnap was an atheist..." (A Mind at Play: An Interview with Martin Gardner ), by Kendrick Frazier, ''Skeptical Inquirer'', March/April 1998 (Accessed July 2, 2007).〕〔"Carnap had a modest but deeply religious family background, which might explain why, although he later became an atheist, he maintained a respectful and tolerant attitude in matters of faith throughout his life." Buldt, Bernd: "Carnap, Paul Rudolf", ''Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography'' Vol. 20 p.43. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008.〕 * Robert Todd Carroll (1945–): American writer and academic, professor of philosophy at Sacramento City College until 1997, and keeper of the Skeptic's Dictionary website.〔"If I had to sum up my own atheism, I think I would have to say that it amounts to this: I have no interest in the supernatural. I also have no interest in what others believe about the supernatural as long as their belief does not involve intolerance of those who disagree with them." Robert Todd Carroll, (Skeptic's Dictionary entry: atheism ) (accessed April 28, 2008).〕 * David Chalmers (1966–): Australian philosopher of mind.〔(The problem of consciousness meets "Intelligent Design" ), David Chalmers's blog ("As it happens, I'm an atheist").〕 * Debiprasad Chattopadhyaya (1918–1993): Bengali Marxist philosopher. * Nikolay Chernyshevsky (1828–1889): Russian revolutionary democrat, materialist philosopher, critic, and socialist.〔Ana Siljak, Angel of Vengeance, page 58〕 * Auguste Comte (1798–1857): French positivist thinker, credited with coining the term "''sociologie''" ("sociology").〔"Despite his atheism, Comte was concerned with moral regeneration and the establishment of a spiritual power." Mary Pickering, 'Auguste Comte and the Saint-Simonians', ''French Historical Studies'' Vol. 18, No. 1 (Spring 1993), pp. 211-236.〕〔"But tragically, Comte's "remarkable clearness and extent of vision as to natural things" was coupled with a "total blindness in regard to all that pertains to man's spiritual nature and relations." His "astonishing philosophic power" served only to increase the "plausibility" of a dangerous infidelity. Comte was, once unmasked, a "blank, avowed, unblushing Atheist." () Some of the Reformed writers were careful enough to note that technically Comte was not an atheist since he never denied the existence of God, merely his comprehensibility. Practically, however, this made little difference. It only pointed to the skepticism and nescience at the core of his positivism. The epistemological issues dominated the criticism of Comte. Quickly, his atheism was traced to his sensual psychology (or "sensualistic psychology", as Robert Dabney preferred to say)." Charles D. Cashdollar, 'Auguste Comte and the American Reformed Theologians', ''Journal of the History of Ideas'' Vol. 39, No. 1 (January–March 1978), pp. 61-79.〕 * André Comte-Sponville (1952–): French philosopher, author of ''L'Esprit de l'athéisme'' (2006) and ''The Little Book of Atheist Spirituality'' (2007).〔"This is why I am an atheist, while remaining faithful – as best as I can – to the spirit of Christ, who represents justice and charity." André Comte-Sponville, (An Atheist Chooses Jesus Over Santa ), Washington Post, December 22, 2007 (accessed April 21, 2008).〕 * Marquis de Condorcet (1743–1794): French philosopher, mathematician, and early political scientist who devised the concept of a Condorcet method.〔"An atheist, he rejected the burden of original sin, and preached the fundamental 'moral goodness of man.'" (Condorcet's Reconsideration of America as a Model for Europe ), Max M. Mintz, ''Journal of the Early Republic'', Vol. 11, No. 4 (Winter, 1991), pp. 493-506 (p. 505), published by University of Pennsylvania Press on behalf of the Society for Historians of the Early American Republic〕 * Benedetto Croce (1866–1952): Italian philosopher and public figure.〔Stated in Will Durant's ''Outlines of Philosophy''〕 * Donald Davidson (1917–2003): American philosopher. * Gilles Deleuze (1925–1995): French philosopher of the late 20th century. From the early 1960s until his death, Deleuze wrote many influential works on philosophy, literature, film, and fine art.〔"Deleuze's atheist philosophy of immanence is an artistic (or creative) power at work on theology" (Deleuze and Religion ). Mary Bryden (2002). Routledge, p. 157.〕〔"Deleuze's atheist critique is powerful (...)" (Iconoclastic Theology: Gilles Deleuze and the Secretion of Atheism ). F. LeRon Shults (2014). Edinburgh University Press, p. 103.〕 * Daniel Dennett (1942–): American philosopher, author of ''Breaking the Spell''.〔Dennett, Daniel C. (2006), ''Breaking the Spell'', Viking (Penguin), ISBN 0-670-03472-X〕 * Jacques Derrida (1930–2004): Algerian-born French philosopher.〔"(...) the writings of such atheistic post-modernists as (...) Jacques Derrida (...)" Michael D. Waggoner (2011). (Sacred and Secular Tensions in Higher Education: Connecting Parallel Universities ). Taylor & Francis, pg. 88〕〔Martin Hägglund (2008). (Radical Atheism: Derrida and the Time of Life ). Stanford University Press.〕〔"So when I say “I rightly pass as an atheist” I know that because of everything that I’ve done so far, say in terms of deconstruction and so on and so forth, I’ve given a number of signs of my being a non-believer in God in a certain way, an atheist. And nevertheless, although I confirm that it is right to say “I’m an atheist”, I can’t say myself “I am an atheist” as a position, see “I am” or “I know what I am”: “I am this, and nothing else and I’m identifying myself as an atheist.” I would never say… this would sound obscene: “I am.” I wouldn’t say “I am an atheist” or I wouldn’t say “I am a believer” either." (Jacques Derrida On ‘Atheism’ and ‘Belief’ (excerpt from an interview in Toronto, 2002) )〕 * Henry Louis Vivian Derozio (1809–1831): Anglo-Indian poet and teacher.〔(Derozio and the Hindu College )〕 * John Dewey (1859–1952): American philosopher, psychologist and educational reformer whose ideas have been influential in education and social reform. Dewey was an important early developer of the philosophy of pragmatism and one of the founders of functional psychology. He was a major representative of progressive education and liberalism. * Diagoras of Melos (5th century BC): Ancient Greek poet and sophist known as the Atheist of Milos, who declared that there were no Gods.〔A History of Freethought, Ancient and Modern, to the Period of the French Revolution, J.M. Robertson, Fourth Edition, Revised and Expanded, In Two Volumes, Vol. I, Watts, 1936. p173 - 174〕 * Denis Diderot (1713–84): editor-in-chief of the ''Encyclopédie''.〔Will and Ariel Durant, ''Rousseau and Revolution'', p. 183〕 * Theodore Drange (1934–): Philosopher of religion and Professor Emeritus at West Virginia University. Drange authored ''Nonbelief & Evil: Two arguments for the nonexistence of God''.〔"This book... presents the strongest case yet for atheism... Drange carefully analyzes and assesses two major arguments for the nonexistence of God: the argument from Evil and the Argument from Nonbelief." (from the dustjacket description ) ''Nonbelief & Evil: Two arguments for the nonexistence of God'' Theodore M. Drange, Prometheus Books, 1998, ISBN 1-57392-228-5〕 * Paul Edwards (1923–2004): Austrian-American moral philosopher and editor of ''The Encyclopedia of Philosophy''.〔"'There is no God, there is no life after death, Jesus was a man, and, perhaps most important, the influence of religion is by and large bad,' he wrote in the current issue of Free Inquiry, a magazine about secular humanism, a school of thought that emphasizes values based on experience rather than religion." (Paul Edwards, Professor and Editor of Philosophy, Dies at 81 ), by Jennifer Bayot, ''The New York Times'', December 16, 2004 (Accessed April 21, 2008)〕 * Empedocles (c. 490–430 BC): Greek pre-Socratic philosopher and a citizen of Agrigentum, a Greek city in Sicily. Empedocles' philosophy is best known for being the originator of the cosmogenic theory of the four Classical elements. * Dylan Evans (1966–): British philosopher, known for his work on emotion and the placebo effect.〔"My kind of atheism takes issue with the old atheism on all three of its main tenets: it values religion; treats science as simply a means to an end; and finds the meaning of life in art." Dylan Evans, 'The 21st century atheist', ''The Guardian'' (London), May 2, 2005, Pg. 15.〕 * Fan Zhen (circa 450 – 515): Chinese philosopher remembered today for his treatise ''Shén Miè Lùn'' ("On the Annihilation of the Soul"). * Ludwig Andreas Feuerbach (1804–1872): German philosopher whose major work, ''The Essence of Christianity'', maintains that religion and divinity are projections of human nature.〔(positiveatheism.org )〕 * Friedrich Karl Forberg (1770–1848): German philosopher and classical scholar.〔"An exponent of the Idealist school developed by Johann Gottlieb Fichte, Forberg is best known for his essay ''Über die Entwicklung des Begriffs Religion'' (1798; "On the Development of the Concept of Religion"), a work that occasioned Fichte's dismissal from the University of Jena on the charge of atheism after he had published a corroborative treatise. Forberg also wrote further apologetical works in support of atheism." '(Forberg, Friedrich Karl )', ''Encyclopædia Britannica Online'', 2008 (accessed August 1, 2008).〕 * Michel Foucault (1926–1984) : French philosopher and social theorist famous for his influential analysis of power and discourse. He is best known for his revolutionary philosophical analyses of social institutions such as ''Discipline and Punish'' and ''The History of Sexuality''.〔"If I were not a total atheist, I would be a monk...a good monk." David Macey (2004). (Michel Foucault ). Reaktion Books, p. 130. 〕〔"(...) the writings of such atheistic post-modernists as (...) Michel Foucault (...)" Michael D. Waggoner (2011). (Sacred and Secular Tensions in Higher Education: Connecting Parallel Universities ). Taylor & Francis, pg. 88.〕 * William Godwin (1756–1836): English journalist, political philosopher and novelist. He is considered one of the first exponents of utilitarianism, and the first modern proponent of anarchism.〔"Coleridge also introduced Charles Lamb to Godwin. Lamb had shown some sympathy for the New Philosophy but the arguments of Coleridge and his own religiosity and common sense quickly turned him against it. He was particularly repelled by Godwin's atheism." Peter H. Marshall, ''William Godwin'' (1984), page 240.〕 * A. C. Grayling (1949–): British philosopher and author of, among others, ''Against All Gods: Six Polemics on Religion and an Essay on Kindness''.〔"I would certainly describe myself as a robust or uncompromising atheist..." (House Philosopher: An Interview with AC Grayling ), conducted and hosted by Amazon.co.uk (Accessed April 1, 2008)〕 * John Harris (1947–): British professor of bioethics at the University of Manchester, and member of the UK Human Genetics Commission.〔"Prof Harris, 54, an atheist who has advocated that corpses should become public property to make up for the shortage in transplant organs ()." 'Is ANDi a miracle or a monster? Seven philosophers consider the ethical issues raised by the first GM monkey,' Daniel Johnson and Thomas Harding, ''Daily Telegraph'', January 22, 2001, Pg. 04.〕 * Sam Harris (1967–): American author, philosopher, and neuroscientist. He is the co-founder and CEO of Project Reason. * Claude Adrien Helvétius (1715–71): French philosopher whose ethical and social views helped shape the school of utilitarianism later made famous by Jeremy Bentham.〔 * Heraclitus (c. 535 BC–c. 475 BC): pre-Socratic Greek philosopher, a native of the Greek city Ephesus, Ionia, on the coast of Asia Minor. He was of distinguished parentage. Little is known about his early life and education, but he regarded himself as self-taught and a pioneer of wisdom. From the lonely life he led, and still more from the riddling nature of his philosophy and his contempt for humankind in general, he was called "The Obscure" and the "Weeping Philosopher". * Eric Hoffer (1902–1983): American moral and social philosopher. He was the author of ten books and was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in February 1983. His first book, ''The True Believer'', published in 1951, was widely recognized as a classic, receiving critical acclaim from both scholars and laymen. * Baron d'Holbach (1723–1789): French philosopher and encyclopedist, most famous as being one of the first outspoken atheists in Europe.〔Will and Ariel Durant, ''The Age of Voltaire: a History of Civilization in Western Europe from 1715 to 1756, with Special Emphasis on the Conflict between Religion and Philosophy'', New York, Simon and Schuster, 1965, pp. 695-714〕 * Alexandre Kojève (1902–1968): Russian-born French philosopher and statesman. * Julia Kristeva (1941–): Bulgarian-French philosopher, literary critic, psychoanalyst, sociologist, feminist and novelist.〔"(...) the writings of such atheistic post-modernists as (...) Julia Kristeva (...)" Michael D. Waggoner (2011). (Sacred and Secular Tensions in Higher Education: Connecting Parallel Universities ). Taylor & Francis, pg. 88〕〔(Philosopher and Atheist Julia Kristeva Addresses Assisi )〕〔(Religion, atheism, and the crisis of meaning in Julia Kristeva's critique of modernity )〕〔('Mystic Atheism': Julia Kristeva's Negative Theology )〕 * Corliss Lamont (1902–1995): American humanist and Marxist philosopher, and advocate of various left-wing and civil liberties causes.〔"As a philosopher he became a firm atheist and loud sceptic on issues of supernature and the afterlife. He concluded in ''The Illusion Of Immortality'' (1935) that this life was all there was, and that humankind should therefore make the best of it here on earth - a theory honed in ''The Philosophy Of Humanism'' (1949), which remains a classic in its genre." Jonathan Freedland, 'Obituary: Corliss Lamont', ''The Guardian'' (London), May 19, 1995, Pg. 14.〕 * David Kellogg Lewis (1941–2001): American philosopher. One of the leading thinkers of the second half of the 20th century.〔"I am an atheist." (Lewis, "Evil for Freedom's Sake," in ''Papers in Ethics and Social Philosophy'', 101-127 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000). p. 102 )〕 * Peter Lipton (1954–2007): British philosopher, the Hans Rausing Professor and Head of the Department of History and Philosophy of Science at Cambridge University until his unexpected death in November 2007. He was "one of the leading philosophers of science and epistemologists in the world."〔"A self-confessed "religious atheist", Lipton was fully engaged with his religious culture, taking his family to synagogue on Saturdays and teaching children at the Sabbath school. He did not think it was necessary to believe in God to recognise the value of religion in providing the individual with a moral compass." 'Obituary of Professor Peter Lipton, Inspiring head of Cambridge's department of History and Philosophy whose atheism did not impede his religious observance', ''Daily Telegraph'', December 17, 2007, Pg. 23.〕 * Jean-François Lyotard (1924–1998): French philosopher, sociologist and literary theorist〔"(...) the writings of such atheistic post-modernists as (...) Jean-François Lyotard." Michael D. Waggoner (2011). (Sacred and Secular Tensions in Higher Education: Connecting Parallel Universities ). Taylor & Francis, pg. 88〕〔Nick Land (2002). (The Thirst for Annihilation: Georges Bataille and Virulent Nihilism ). Routledge, pg. 12〕 * Kazimierz Łyszczyński (also known in English as "Casimir Liszinski"; 1634–89): Polish-Lithuanian nobleman and philosopher, author of a philosophical treatise, ''De non existentia Dei'' (On the Non-existence of God), who was condemned to death and brutally executed for atheism.〔(The Kazimierz Łyszczyński Internet List of Atheists and Agnostics, of the Polish Society of Rationalists (in Polish) )〕〔Aleksander Gieysztor ''et al.'', ''History of Poland'', 1979, p. 261.〕〔Jerzy Kłoczowski, ''A History of Polish Christianity'', 2000, p. 155.〕 * John Leslie Mackie (1917–1981): Australian philosopher who specialized in meta-ethics as a proponent of moral skepticism. Wrote ''The Miracle of Theism'', discussing arguments for and against theism and concluding that theism is rationally untenable.〔J. L. Mackie, ''The Miracle of Theism'', 1982.〕 * Michael Martin (1932–): analytic philosopher and professor emeritus at Boston University, author of, amongst others, ''Atheism: A Philosophical Justification'' (1989) and ''The Impossibility of God'' (2003).〔"Are there really no atheists? No good reason has yet been given for NA and, until one is, we professed atheists have every reason to suppose that we really are atheists." Michael Martin, (Are There Really No Atheists? ), 1996 (accessed April 21, 2008).〕 * Harriet Martineau (1802–1876): an English writer and philosopher, renowned in her day as a controversial journalist, political economist, abolitionist and lifelong feminist.〔"She became increasingly skeptical of religious beliefs, including her own liberal Unitarianism, and her avowal of atheism in the ''Letters on the Laws of Man's Nature and Development'' (1851, with H.G. Atkinson) caused widespread shock." (Martineau, Harriet ) ''Encyclopædia Britannica Online'', 2008 (Accessed April 15, 2008)〕 * Karl Marx (1818–1883): philosopher, political economist, sociologist, humanist, political theorist and revolutionary. Often called the father of communism, Marx was both a scholar and a political activist. In 1843, Karl Marx published ''Contribution to Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right'', in which he dealt more substantively with religion, describing it as "the opiate of the people". * Colin McGinn (1950–): British philosopher and author, best known for his work in the philosophy of mind.〔On the filming of The Atheism Tapes with Jonathan Miller: "We had been friends for a number of years, and had discussed a great many topics, but we had never, except glancingly, ever spoken about religion. We knew about our shared atheism, but the subject didn’t seem to warrant much attention; in the Miller-McGinn world it was a non-existent topic. () It is often forgotten that atheism of the kind shared by Jonathan and me (and Dawkins and Hitchens et al.) has an ethical motive." (Atheism Tapes ), Colin McGinn, on his blog. (Accessed April 1, 2008)〕 * Jean Meslier (1678–1733): French village Catholic priest who was found, on his death, to have written a book-length philosophical essay, entitled ''Common Sense'' but commonly referred to as ''Meslier's Testament'', promoting atheism.〔Extracts from ''Moi Testament'' published as ''(Superstition in All Ages )''〕〔Will and Ariel Durant, ''The Age of Voltaire'', 1965, pp. 611-17〕 * Julien Offray de La Mettrie (1709–51): French physician and philosopher, earliest materialist writer of the Enlightenment, claimed as a founder of cognitive science.〔Will and Ariel Durant, ''The Age of Voltaire'', 1965, pp. 617-22〕 * John Stuart Mill (1806–1873): The famous philosopher declared his atheism, and that of his father, in a famous essay published posthumously.〔(Autobiography, Chapter 2 )〕 * Ted Nelson (1937–): American sociologist, philosopher, and pioneer of information technology. He coined the terms "hypertext" and "hypermedia" in 1963 and published them in 1965.〔"Nelson's hatred of conventional structure made him difficult to educate. Bored and disgusted by school, he once plotted to stab his seventh-grade teacher with a sharpened screwdriver, but lost his nerve at the last minute and walked out of the classroom, never to return. On his long walk home, he came up with the four maxims that have guided his life: most people are fools, most authority is malignant, God does not exist, and everything is wrong." Warren Allen Smith, ''Celebrities in Hell'', pages 88-89.〕 * Michael Neumann (1946–): American professor of philosophy at Trent University, noted for his work on utilitarianism, rationality and anti-Semitism.〔"Israel is building a racial state, not a religious one. Like my parents, I have always been an atheist. I am entitled by the biology of my birth to Israeli citizenship; you, perhaps, are the most fervent believer in Judaism, but are not." Michael Neumann, '(What is Antisemitism? )', ''Counterpunch'', June 4, 2002 (accessed August 6, 2008).〕 * Kai Nielsen (1926–): adjunct professor of philosophy at Concordia University in Montreal and professor emeritus of philosophy at the University of Calgary.〔"Since my mid-undergraduate days, I have been an atheist. By now I suppose there are some who would call me a professional atheist troikaing me with Antony Flew and Michael Scriven." Kai Nielsen, ''God and the Grounding of Morality'', p.155 ()〕 * Friedrich Nietzsche (1844–1900): German philosopher whose ''Beyond Good and Evil'' sought to refute traditional notions of morality. Nietzsche penned a memorable secular statement of the Doctrine of Eternal Recurrence in ''Thus Spoke Zarathustra'' and is forever associated with the phrase, "God is dead" (first seen in his book, ''The Gay Science'').〔''Die fröhliche Wissenschaft'', aphorisms 108 and 125 ())〕 * Piergiorgio Odifreddi (1950–): Italian mathematician and popular science writer. * Michel Onfray (1958–): French philosopher, founder of Université populaire de Caen, and author of ''Atheist Manifesto: The Case Against Christianity, Judaism, and Islam''.〔(Amazon listing ) for ''Atheist Manifesto: The Case Against Christianity, Judaism, and Islam'', by Michel Onfray. (Accessed March 23, 2008)〕 * Graham Oppy (1960–): Australian philosopher and Associate Dean of Research at Monash University, and Associate Editor of the Australasian Journal of Philosophy. His main area of research is the philosophy of religion.〔In ('Is God Good By Definition?' ) (1992), Oppy presented a logical argument for God's nonexistence based upon an alleged fact of metaethics: the falsity of moral realism. If moral realism is false, then that is a fact that is incompatible with God's existence.〕 * Leonard Peikoff (1933–): an Objectivist philosopher, Ayn Rand's legal heir. He is a former professor of philosophy, a former radio talk show host, and founder of the Ayn Rand Institute.〔"...as an Objectivist I am an atheist." (Religion vs. America ), by Leonard Peikoff, delivered at the Ford Hall Forum on April 20, 1986, and published in ''The Objectivist Forum'', June 1986 (Accessed April 15, 2008)〕 * Herman Philipse (1951–): professor of philosophy at Utrecht University in the Netherlands. Philipse has written many philosophical works in Dutch, including the widely read ''Atheist Manifesto and the Unreasonableness of Religion'' (''Atheistisch manifest & De onredelijkheid van religie'').〔"Herman Philipse is a Dutch professor of Philosophy who gained national notoriety in the Netherlands with his 'Atheist Manifesto.'" (Divided House: Dutch Debate Nature of Europe’s Culture War ), by Paul Belien, ''The Brussels Journal'', 2006-03-02 (Accessed April 15, 2008)〕 * Protagoras, (died 420 BC), Greek Sophist and first major Humanist, who wrote that the existence of the gods was unknowable.〔Only fragments of Protagoras' treatise ''On the Gods'' survive, but it opens with the sentence: "Concerning the gods, I have no means of knowing whether they exist or not or of what sort they may be. Many things prevent knowledge including the obscurity of the subject and the brevity of human life."〕 * Willard Van Orman Quine (1908–2000): American philosopher and logician.〔"In my third year of high school I walked often with my new Jamaican friends, Fred and Harold Cassidy, trying to convert them from their Episcopalian faith to atheism." Willard Van Orman Quine, Lewis Edwin Hahn, Paul Arthur Schilpp, ''The Philosophy of W.V. Quine'' (1986).〕 * Thanthai Periyar (1879-1973) Indian philosopher, social activist, politician and businessman affectionately called by his followers as Periyar or E. V. R., who started the Self-Respect Movement or the Dravidian Movement. He is also the founder of political party, Dravidar Kazhagam Periyar E. V. Ramasamy * James Rachels (1941–2003): American philosopher who specialized in ethics.〔In (God and Moral Autonomy ) (1997), Rachels argued for the nonexistence of God based on the impossibility of a being worthy of worship.〕 * Ayn Rand (1905–1982): Russian-American founder of Objectivism and novelist.〔 * John Rawls (1921–2002): American philosopher and a leading figure in moral and political philosophy. * Jean-François Revel (1924–2006): French politician, journalist, author, prolific philosopher and member of the Académie française.〔"Despite asserting that he had always loathed the family, both the one he was born into and the ones he had created, in the same year he published ''Le Moine et le philosophe'' (1997, "The Monk and the Philosopher", 1998), a book-length dialogue between Revel, the convinced atheist, and his son Mathieu Ricard, who had abandoned a career in molecular biology research to go to live in Asia, to study Buddhism, and who subsequently became a Buddhist monk." David Drake, Obituary: Jean-François Revel, ''The Independent'' (London), May 10, 2006, Pg. 44.〕 * Richard Rorty (1931–2007): American philosopher. * Alex Rosenberg (1946–): Philosopher of science, author of The Atheist's Guide to Reality * Michael Ruse (1940–): English philosopher of science, known for his work on the argument between creationism and evolutionary biology.〔"Philosopher Michael Ruse has written: ' ''The God Delusion'' makes me embarrassed to be an atheist.' But in all the hype and embarrassment over geneticist Professor Richard Dawkins's anti-religious arguments, there is an important strand in his argument that has been overlooked: his views on morality." Richard Harries, 'It is possible to be moral without God', ''The Observer'' (England), December 30, 2007, Comment Pages, Pg. 25.〕 * Bertrand Russell (1872–1970): British philosopher, logician, mathematician, historian, and social critic.〔Russell said: "As a philosopher, if I were speaking to a purely philosophic audience I should say that I ought to describe myself as an Agnostic, because I do not think that there is a conclusive argument by which one prove that there is not a God. On the other hand, if I am to convey the right impression to the ordinary man in the street I think I ought to say that I am an Atheist... None of us would seriously consider the possibility that all the gods of Homer really exist, and yet if you were to set to work to give a logical demonstration that Zeus, Hera, Poseidon, and the rest of them did not exist you would find it an awful job. You could not get such proof. Therefore, in regard to the Olympic gods, speaking to a purely philosophical audience, I would say that I am an Agnostic. But speaking popularly, I think that all of us would say in regard to those gods that we were Atheists. In regard to the Christian God, I should, I think, take exactly the same line." Am I an Agnostic or an Atheist?, from Last Philosophical Testament 1943–1968, (1997) Routledge ISBN 0-415-09409-7. Russell was chosen by LOOK magazine to speak for agnostics in their well-known series explaining the religions of the U.S., and authored the essay "What Is An Agnostic?" which appeared 3 November 1953 in that magazine〕〔(Bertrand Russell Society Archives: Was Bertrand Russell An Atheist or Was He Really an Agnostic? )〕〔(Celebrity Atheist: Bertrand Russell )〕 * Nathan Salmon (1951-): American philosopher and distinguished professor at the University of California, Santa Barbara, whose writings include work on fictional characters and mythical objects. * George Santayana (1863–1952): Philosopher in the naturalist and pragmatist traditions who called himself a "Catholic atheist."〔"Santayana playfully called himself 'a Catholic atheist,' but in spite of the fact that he deliberately immersed himself in the stream of Catholic religious life, he never took the sacraments. He neither literally regarded himself as a Catholic nor did Catholics regard him as a Catholic." (Empiricism, Theoretical Constructs, and God ), by Kai Nielsen, ''The Journal of Religion'', Vol. 54, No. 3 (Jul., 1974), pp. 199-217 (p. 205), published by The University of Chicago Press〕〔"My atheism, like that of Spinoza, is true piety towards the universe, and denies only gods fashioned by men in their own image, to be servants of their human interests." George Santayana, 'On My Friendly Critics', in ''Soliloquies in England and Later Soliloquies'', 1922 (from ''Rawson's Dictionary of American Quotations'' via (credoreference.com ) (accessed August 1, 2008).〕 * Jean-Paul Sartre (1905–1980): French existentialist philosopher, dramatist and novelist who declared that he had been an atheist from age twelve.〔"He was so thoroughly an atheist that he rarely mentioned it, considering the topic of God to be beneath discussion. In his autobiography, ''The Words'', Sartre recalled deciding at about age twelve that God does not exist, and hardly thinking about it thereafter." ''2000 Years of Disbelief: Famous People with the Courage to Doubt'', James A. Haught, Prometheus Books, 1996.〕 Although he regarded God as a self-contradictory concept, he still thought of it as an ideal toward which people strive. He rejected the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1964. According to Sartre, his most-repeated summary of his existentialist philosophy, "Existence precedes essence," implies that humans must abandon traditional notions of having been designed by a divine creator. * Moritz Schlick (1882–1936): German philosopher, physicist and the founding father of logical positivism and the Vienna Circle. * Michael Schmidt-Salomon (1967- ): German author, philosopher, and public relations manager. As chairman of the Giordano Bruno Foundation, a humanist organization that is critical of religion"〔"...sagte Michael Schmidt-Salomon, Vorstand der Giordano-Bruno-Stiftung und damit so etwas wie Deutschlands Chef-Atheist." ("...said Michael Schmidt-Salomon, (is ) chairman of the Giordano Bruno Foundation, and therefore something of a 'chief atheist' for Germany.") (Chef-Atheist im Chat: "Gynäkologen, die an die Jungfrauengeburt glauben" ), ''Spiegel Online'', 29 May 2007 (Accessed 6 April 2008)〕 * Arthur Schopenhauer (1788–1860): German philosopher and author of the book The World as Will and Representation.〔"Within Schopenhauer's vision of the world as Will, there is no God to be comprehended, and the world is conceived of as being meaningless." ()〕 * John Searle (1932–): American philosopher, Slusser Professor of Philosophy at the University of California, Berkeley, widely noted for contributions to the philosophy of language, the philosophy of mind, and to social philosophy.〔Reviewing an episode of the Channel 4 series ''Voices'': "On the one hand, Sir John Eccles, a quiet-spoken theist with the most devastating way of answering questions with a single "yes", on the other, Professor Searle, a flamboyant atheist using words I've never heard of or likely to again "now we know that renal secretions synthesize a substance called angiotensin and that angiotensin gets into the hypothalamus and causes a series of neuron firings". " Peter Dear, 'Today's television and radio programmes', ''The Times'', February 22, 1984; pg. 31; Issue 61764; col A.〕 * Boris Sidis (1867–1923): Ukrainian psychologist, physician, psychiatrist, and philosopher of education. * Peter Singer (1946–): Australian utilitarian philosopher, proponent of animal rights, and Ira W. DeCamp Professor of Bioethics at Princeton University. * B. F. Skinner (1904–1990): American psychologist, behaviorist, author, inventor, social philosopher and poet.〔"Within a year I had gone to Miss Graves to tell her that I no longer believed in God. 'I know,' she said, 'I have been through that myself.' But her strategy misfired: I never went through it." B.F. Skinner, pp. 387-413, E.G. Boring and G. Lindzey's A History of Psychology in Autobiography (Vol. 5), New York: Appleton Century-Crofts, 1967.〕 * George H. Smith (1949–): Libertarian philosopher, author and educator. Smith authored ''Atheism: The Case Against God''.〔"This book is a presentation and defense of atheism." ''Atheism: The Case Against God'', by George H. Smith, Prometheus Books, 1989, ISBN 0-87975-124-X〕 * Quentin Smith (1952–): Philosopher and professor of philosophy at Western Michigan University. Smith co-authored the book ''Theism, Atheism and Big Bang Cosmology'' with William Lane Craig.〔Smith has written (numerous papers ) arguing for the nonexistence of God.〕 * Herbert Spencer (1820–1903), English philosopher, biologist, sociologist, and prominent classical liberal political theorist of the Victorian era. * Max Stirner (1806–1856): German philosopher, who ranks as one of the fathers of nihilism, existentialism, post-modernism and anarchism, especially of individualist anarchism. Stirner's main work is The Ego and Its Own.〔"As he wrote: "Stirner's egoism springs from a conscious and total atheism, with this playful indifference and apathy to any higher essence being the prerequisite for encountering one's own being, one's uniqueness, Einzigkeit." Laurel Jean Fredrickson, Duke University, ''Kate Millett and Jean-Jacques Lebel: Sexual outlaws in the intermedia borderlands of art and politics'', page 136.〕 * Theodorus the Atheist (lived around 300 BC): Philosopher of the Cyrenaic school who taught that the goal of life was to obtain joy and avoid grief.〔"Theodorus, the atheistic philosopher of Cyrene, appears in Athens during the Phalerean regime." (Athenian Impiety Trials in the Late Fourth Century B. C. ), L. L. O'Sullivan, ''The Classical Quarterly'', New Series, Vol. 47, No. 1 (1997), pp. 136-152 (p. 142), published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Classical Association〕 * Lucilio Vanini (1585–1619), Italian philosopher, brutally executed for his atheism. * Sir Bernard Williams FBA (1929–2003): British philosopher, widely cited as the most important British moral philosopher of his time.〔"While Shirley was (and is) a devout Catholic and so took the marriage as a commitment for eternity, Bernard, an atheist, had not done so when he made the wedding vows. Shirley says: "The Church and Bernard had a wonderful time debating all this. The theologians were so thrilled to be discussing it with a leading philosopher." " Stuart Jeffries, 'Profile: Bernard Williams', ''The Guardian'', November 30, 2002, Saturday Review, Pg. 20.〕 * Sherwin Wine (1928–2007): Founder of the non-theistic Society for Humanistic Judaism, who has also called himself an "ignostic".〔Wine said "I am an atheist." (Time Magazine January 29, 1965 )〕 * Slavoj Žižek (1949–): Slovenian sociologist, postmodern philosopher, and cultural critic.〔(Atheism is a legacy worth fighting for ), an editorial by Slavoj Zizek, ''The New York Times'', Monday, March 13, 2006 (Accessed April 22, 2012).〕 ==Notes and references== 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「List of atheist philosophers」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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